Examples: Win32+DirectX: moved helper functions below main.

examples/example_win32_directx10/main.cpp

@@ -15,100 +15,32 @@ static ID3D10Device*            g_pd3dDevice = NULL;
 static IDXGISwapChain*          g_pSwapChain = NULL;
 static ID3D10RenderTargetView*  g_mainRenderTargetView = NULL;
 
-void CreateRenderTarget()
+// Forward declarations of helper functions
-{
+bool CreateDeviceD3D(HWND hWnd);
-    ID3D10Texture2D* pBackBuffer;
+void CleanupDeviceD3D();
-    g_pSwapChain->GetBuffer(0, IID_PPV_ARGS(&pBackBuffer));
+void CreateRenderTarget();
-    g_pd3dDevice->CreateRenderTargetView(pBackBuffer, NULL, &g_mainRenderTargetView);
+void CleanupRenderTarget();
-    pBackBuffer->Release();
+LRESULT WINAPI WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
-}
-
-void CleanupRenderTarget()
-{
-    if (g_mainRenderTargetView) { g_mainRenderTargetView->Release(); g_mainRenderTargetView = NULL; }
-}
-
-HRESULT CreateDeviceD3D(HWND hWnd)
-{
-    // Setup swap chain
-    DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC sd;
-    ZeroMemory(&sd, sizeof(sd));
-    sd.BufferCount = 2;
-    sd.BufferDesc.Width = 0;
-    sd.BufferDesc.Height = 0;
-    sd.BufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
-    sd.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 60;
-    sd.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1;
-    sd.Flags = DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_FLAG_ALLOW_MODE_SWITCH;
-    sd.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;
-    sd.OutputWindow = hWnd;
-    sd.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
-    sd.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
-    sd.Windowed = TRUE;
-    sd.SwapEffect = DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_DISCARD;
-
-    UINT createDeviceFlags = 0;
-    //createDeviceFlags |= D3D10_CREATE_DEVICE_DEBUG;
-    if (D3D10CreateDeviceAndSwapChain(NULL, D3D10_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE, NULL, createDeviceFlags, D3D10_SDK_VERSION, &sd, &g_pSwapChain, &g_pd3dDevice) != S_OK)
-        return E_FAIL;
-
-    CreateRenderTarget();
-
-    return S_OK;
-}
-
-void CleanupDeviceD3D()
-{
-    CleanupRenderTarget();
-    if (g_pSwapChain) { g_pSwapChain->Release(); g_pSwapChain = NULL; }
-    if (g_pd3dDevice) { g_pd3dDevice->Release(); g_pd3dDevice = NULL; }
-}
-
-extern LRESULT ImGui_ImplWin32_WndProcHandler(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
-LRESULT WINAPI WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
-{
-    if (ImGui_ImplWin32_WndProcHandler(hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam))
-        return true;
-
-    switch (msg)
-    {
-    case WM_SIZE:
-        if (g_pd3dDevice != NULL && wParam != SIZE_MINIMIZED)
-        {
-            CleanupRenderTarget();
-            g_pSwapChain->ResizeBuffers(0, (UINT)LOWORD(lParam), (UINT)HIWORD(lParam), DXGI_FORMAT_UNKNOWN, 0);
-            CreateRenderTarget();
-        }
-        return 0;
-    case WM_SYSCOMMAND:
-        if ((wParam & 0xfff0) == SC_KEYMENU) // Disable ALT application menu
-            return 0;
-        break;
-    case WM_DESTROY:
-        PostQuitMessage(0);
-        return 0;
-    }
-    return DefWindowProc(hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
-}
 
+// Main code
 int main(int, char**)
 {
     // Create application window
     WNDCLASSEX wc = { sizeof(WNDCLASSEX), CS_CLASSDC, WndProc, 0L, 0L, GetModuleHandle(NULL), NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, _T("ImGui Example"), NULL };
-    RegisterClassEx(&wc);
+    ::RegisterClassEx(&wc);
-    HWND hwnd = CreateWindow(wc.lpszClassName, _T("Dear ImGui DirectX10 Example"), WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, 100, 100, 1280, 800, NULL, NULL, wc.hInstance, NULL);
+    HWND hwnd = ::CreateWindow(wc.lpszClassName, _T("Dear ImGui DirectX10 Example"), WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, 100, 100, 1280, 800, NULL, NULL, wc.hInstance, NULL);
 
     // Initialize Direct3D
-    if (CreateDeviceD3D(hwnd) < 0)
+    if (!CreateDeviceD3D(hwnd))
     {
         CleanupDeviceD3D();
-        UnregisterClass(wc.lpszClassName, wc.hInstance);
+        ::UnregisterClass(wc.lpszClassName, wc.hInstance);
         return 1;
     }
 
     // Show the window
-    ShowWindow(hwnd, SW_SHOWDEFAULT);
+    ::ShowWindow(hwnd, SW_SHOWDEFAULT);
-    UpdateWindow(hwnd);
+    ::UpdateWindow(hwnd);
 
     // Setup Dear ImGui context
     IMGUI_CHECKVERSION();
@@ -139,6 +71,7 @@ int main(int, char**)
     //ImFont* font = io.Fonts->AddFontFromFileTTF("c:\\Windows\\Fonts\\ArialUni.ttf", 18.0f, NULL, io.Fonts->GetGlyphRangesJapanese());
     //IM_ASSERT(font != NULL);
 
+    // Our state
     bool show_demo_window = true;
     bool show_another_window = false;
     ImVec4 clear_color = ImVec4(0.45f, 0.55f, 0.60f, 1.00f);
@@ -153,10 +86,10 @@ int main(int, char**)
         // - When io.WantCaptureMouse is true, do not dispatch mouse input data to your main application.
         // - When io.WantCaptureKeyboard is true, do not dispatch keyboard input data to your main application.
         // Generally you may always pass all inputs to dear imgui, and hide them from your application based on those two flags.
-        if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0U, 0U, PM_REMOVE))
+        if (::PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0U, 0U, PM_REMOVE))
         {
-            TranslateMessage(&msg);
+            ::TranslateMessage(&msg);
-            DispatchMessage(&msg);
+            ::DispatchMessage(&msg);
             continue;
         }
 
@@ -217,8 +150,86 @@ int main(int, char**)
     ImGui::DestroyContext();
 
     CleanupDeviceD3D();
-    DestroyWindow(hwnd);
+    ::DestroyWindow(hwnd);
-    UnregisterClass(wc.lpszClassName, wc.hInstance);
+    ::UnregisterClass(wc.lpszClassName, wc.hInstance);
 
     return 0;
 }
+
+// Helper functions
+
+bool CreateDeviceD3D(HWND hWnd)
+{
+    // Setup swap chain
+    DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC sd;
+    ZeroMemory(&sd, sizeof(sd));
+    sd.BufferCount = 2;
+    sd.BufferDesc.Width = 0;
+    sd.BufferDesc.Height = 0;
+    sd.BufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
+    sd.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 60;
+    sd.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1;
+    sd.Flags = DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_FLAG_ALLOW_MODE_SWITCH;
+    sd.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;
+    sd.OutputWindow = hWnd;
+    sd.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
+    sd.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
+    sd.Windowed = TRUE;
+    sd.SwapEffect = DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_DISCARD;
+
+    UINT createDeviceFlags = 0;
+    //createDeviceFlags |= D3D10_CREATE_DEVICE_DEBUG;
+    if (D3D10CreateDeviceAndSwapChain(NULL, D3D10_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE, NULL, createDeviceFlags, D3D10_SDK_VERSION, &sd, &g_pSwapChain, &g_pd3dDevice) != S_OK)
+        return false;
+
+    CreateRenderTarget();
+    return true;
+}
+
+void CleanupDeviceD3D()
+{
+    CleanupRenderTarget();
+    if (g_pSwapChain) { g_pSwapChain->Release(); g_pSwapChain = NULL; }
+    if (g_pd3dDevice) { g_pd3dDevice->Release(); g_pd3dDevice = NULL; }
+}
+
+void CreateRenderTarget()
+{
+    ID3D10Texture2D* pBackBuffer;
+    g_pSwapChain->GetBuffer(0, IID_PPV_ARGS(&pBackBuffer));
+    g_pd3dDevice->CreateRenderTargetView(pBackBuffer, NULL, &g_mainRenderTargetView);
+    pBackBuffer->Release();
+}
+
+void CleanupRenderTarget()
+{
+    if (g_mainRenderTargetView) { g_mainRenderTargetView->Release(); g_mainRenderTargetView = NULL; }
+}
+
+// Win32 message handler
+extern LRESULT ImGui_ImplWin32_WndProcHandler(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
+LRESULT WINAPI WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
+{
+    if (ImGui_ImplWin32_WndProcHandler(hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam))
+        return true;
+
+    switch (msg)
+    {
+    case WM_SIZE:
+        if (g_pd3dDevice != NULL && wParam != SIZE_MINIMIZED)
+        {
+            CleanupRenderTarget();
+            g_pSwapChain->ResizeBuffers(0, (UINT)LOWORD(lParam), (UINT)HIWORD(lParam), DXGI_FORMAT_UNKNOWN, 0);
+            CreateRenderTarget();
+        }
+        return 0;
+    case WM_SYSCOMMAND:
+        if ((wParam & 0xfff0) == SC_KEYMENU) // Disable ALT application menu
+            return 0;
+        break;
+    case WM_DESTROY:
+        ::PostQuitMessage(0);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return ::DefWindowProc(hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
+}

examples/example_win32_directx11/main.cpp

@@ -15,103 +15,32 @@ static ID3D11DeviceContext*     g_pd3dDeviceContext = NULL;
 static IDXGISwapChain*          g_pSwapChain = NULL;
 static ID3D11RenderTargetView*  g_mainRenderTargetView = NULL;
 
-void CreateRenderTarget()
+// Forward declarations of helper functions
-{
+bool CreateDeviceD3D(HWND hWnd);
-    ID3D11Texture2D* pBackBuffer;
+void CleanupDeviceD3D();
-    g_pSwapChain->GetBuffer(0, IID_PPV_ARGS(&pBackBuffer));
+void CreateRenderTarget();
-    g_pd3dDevice->CreateRenderTargetView(pBackBuffer, NULL, &g_mainRenderTargetView);
+void CleanupRenderTarget();
-    pBackBuffer->Release();
+LRESULT WINAPI WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
-}
-
-void CleanupRenderTarget()
-{
-    if (g_mainRenderTargetView) { g_mainRenderTargetView->Release(); g_mainRenderTargetView = NULL; }
-}
-
-HRESULT CreateDeviceD3D(HWND hWnd)
-{
-    // Setup swap chain
-    DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC sd;
-    ZeroMemory(&sd, sizeof(sd));
-    sd.BufferCount = 2;
-    sd.BufferDesc.Width = 0;
-    sd.BufferDesc.Height = 0;
-    sd.BufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
-    sd.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 60;
-    sd.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1;
-    sd.Flags = DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_FLAG_ALLOW_MODE_SWITCH;
-    sd.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;
-    sd.OutputWindow = hWnd;
-    sd.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
-    sd.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
-    sd.Windowed = TRUE;
-    sd.SwapEffect = DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_DISCARD;
-
-    UINT createDeviceFlags = 0;
-    //createDeviceFlags |= D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_DEBUG;
-    D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevel;
-    const D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevelArray[2] = { D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0, D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_0, };
-    if (D3D11CreateDeviceAndSwapChain(NULL, D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE, NULL, createDeviceFlags, featureLevelArray, 2, D3D11_SDK_VERSION, &sd, &g_pSwapChain, &g_pd3dDevice, &featureLevel, &g_pd3dDeviceContext) != S_OK)
-        return E_FAIL;
-
-    CreateRenderTarget();
-
-    return S_OK;
-}
-
-void CleanupDeviceD3D()
-{
-    CleanupRenderTarget();
-    if (g_pSwapChain) { g_pSwapChain->Release(); g_pSwapChain = NULL; }
-    if (g_pd3dDeviceContext) { g_pd3dDeviceContext->Release(); g_pd3dDeviceContext = NULL; }
-    if (g_pd3dDevice) { g_pd3dDevice->Release(); g_pd3dDevice = NULL; }
-}
-
-extern LRESULT ImGui_ImplWin32_WndProcHandler(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
-LRESULT WINAPI WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
-{
-    if (ImGui_ImplWin32_WndProcHandler(hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam))
-        return true;
-
-    switch (msg)
-    {
-    case WM_SIZE:
-        if (g_pd3dDevice != NULL && wParam != SIZE_MINIMIZED)
-        {
-            CleanupRenderTarget();
-            g_pSwapChain->ResizeBuffers(0, (UINT)LOWORD(lParam), (UINT)HIWORD(lParam), DXGI_FORMAT_UNKNOWN, 0);
-            CreateRenderTarget();
-        }
-        return 0;
-    case WM_SYSCOMMAND:
-        if ((wParam & 0xfff0) == SC_KEYMENU) // Disable ALT application menu
-            return 0;
-        break;
-    case WM_DESTROY:
-        PostQuitMessage(0);
-        return 0;
-    }
-    return DefWindowProc(hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
-}
 
+// Main code
 int main(int, char**)
 {
     // Create application window
     WNDCLASSEX wc = { sizeof(WNDCLASSEX), CS_CLASSDC, WndProc, 0L, 0L, GetModuleHandle(NULL), NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, _T("ImGui Example"), NULL };
-    RegisterClassEx(&wc);
+    ::RegisterClassEx(&wc);
-    HWND hwnd = CreateWindow(wc.lpszClassName, _T("Dear ImGui DirectX11 Example"), WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, 100, 100, 1280, 800, NULL, NULL, wc.hInstance, NULL);
+    HWND hwnd = ::CreateWindow(wc.lpszClassName, _T("Dear ImGui DirectX11 Example"), WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, 100, 100, 1280, 800, NULL, NULL, wc.hInstance, NULL);
 
     // Initialize Direct3D
-    if (CreateDeviceD3D(hwnd) < 0)
+    if (!CreateDeviceD3D(hwnd))
     {
         CleanupDeviceD3D();
-        UnregisterClass(wc.lpszClassName, wc.hInstance);
+        ::UnregisterClass(wc.lpszClassName, wc.hInstance);
         return 1;
     }
 
     // Show the window
-    ShowWindow(hwnd, SW_SHOWDEFAULT);
+    ::ShowWindow(hwnd, SW_SHOWDEFAULT);
-    UpdateWindow(hwnd);
+    ::UpdateWindow(hwnd);
 
     // Setup Dear ImGui context
     IMGUI_CHECKVERSION();
@@ -157,10 +86,10 @@ int main(int, char**)
         // - When io.WantCaptureMouse is true, do not dispatch mouse input data to your main application.
         // - When io.WantCaptureKeyboard is true, do not dispatch keyboard input data to your main application.
         // Generally you may always pass all inputs to dear imgui, and hide them from your application based on those two flags.
-        if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0U, 0U, PM_REMOVE))
+        if (::PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0U, 0U, PM_REMOVE))
         {
-            TranslateMessage(&msg);
+            ::TranslateMessage(&msg);
-            DispatchMessage(&msg);
+            ::DispatchMessage(&msg);
             continue;
         }
 
@@ -221,8 +150,89 @@ int main(int, char**)
     ImGui::DestroyContext();
 
     CleanupDeviceD3D();
-    DestroyWindow(hwnd);
+    ::DestroyWindow(hwnd);
-    UnregisterClass(wc.lpszClassName, wc.hInstance);
+    ::UnregisterClass(wc.lpszClassName, wc.hInstance);
 
     return 0;
 }
+
+// Helper functions
+
+bool CreateDeviceD3D(HWND hWnd)
+{
+    // Setup swap chain
+    DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC sd;
+    ZeroMemory(&sd, sizeof(sd));
+    sd.BufferCount = 2;
+    sd.BufferDesc.Width = 0;
+    sd.BufferDesc.Height = 0;
+    sd.BufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
+    sd.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 60;
+    sd.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1;
+    sd.Flags = DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_FLAG_ALLOW_MODE_SWITCH;
+    sd.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;
+    sd.OutputWindow = hWnd;
+    sd.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
+    sd.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
+    sd.Windowed = TRUE;
+    sd.SwapEffect = DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_DISCARD;
+
+    UINT createDeviceFlags = 0;
+    //createDeviceFlags |= D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_DEBUG;
+    D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevel;
+    const D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevelArray[2] = { D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0, D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_0, };
+    if (D3D11CreateDeviceAndSwapChain(NULL, D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE, NULL, createDeviceFlags, featureLevelArray, 2, D3D11_SDK_VERSION, &sd, &g_pSwapChain, &g_pd3dDevice, &featureLevel, &g_pd3dDeviceContext) != S_OK)
+        return false;
+
+    CreateRenderTarget();
+    return true;
+}
+
+void CleanupDeviceD3D()
+{
+    CleanupRenderTarget();
+    if (g_pSwapChain) { g_pSwapChain->Release(); g_pSwapChain = NULL; }
+    if (g_pd3dDeviceContext) { g_pd3dDeviceContext->Release(); g_pd3dDeviceContext = NULL; }
+    if (g_pd3dDevice) { g_pd3dDevice->Release(); g_pd3dDevice = NULL; }
+}
+
+void CreateRenderTarget()
+{
+    ID3D11Texture2D* pBackBuffer;
+    g_pSwapChain->GetBuffer(0, IID_PPV_ARGS(&pBackBuffer));
+    g_pd3dDevice->CreateRenderTargetView(pBackBuffer, NULL, &g_mainRenderTargetView);
+    pBackBuffer->Release();
+}
+
+void CleanupRenderTarget()
+{
+    if (g_mainRenderTargetView) { g_mainRenderTargetView->Release(); g_mainRenderTargetView = NULL; }
+}
+
+// Win32 message handler
+extern LRESULT ImGui_ImplWin32_WndProcHandler(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
+LRESULT WINAPI WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
+{
+    if (ImGui_ImplWin32_WndProcHandler(hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam))
+        return true;
+
+    switch (msg)
+    {
+    case WM_SIZE:
+        if (g_pd3dDevice != NULL && wParam != SIZE_MINIMIZED)
+        {
+            CleanupRenderTarget();
+            g_pSwapChain->ResizeBuffers(0, (UINT)LOWORD(lParam), (UINT)HIWORD(lParam), DXGI_FORMAT_UNKNOWN, 0);
+            CreateRenderTarget();
+        }
+        return 0;
+    case WM_SYSCOMMAND:
+        if ((wParam & 0xfff0) == SC_KEYMENU) // Disable ALT application menu
+            return 0;
+        break;
+    case WM_DESTROY:
+        ::PostQuitMessage(0);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return ::DefWindowProc(hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
+}

examples/example_win32_directx12/main.cpp

@@ -36,255 +36,35 @@ static HANDLE                       g_hSwapChainWaitableObject = NULL;
 static ID3D12Resource*              g_mainRenderTargetResource[NUM_BACK_BUFFERS] = {};
 static D3D12_CPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE  g_mainRenderTargetDescriptor[NUM_BACK_BUFFERS] = {};
 
-void CreateRenderTarget()
+// Forward declarations of helper functions
-{
+bool CreateDeviceD3D(HWND hWnd);
-    ID3D12Resource* pBackBuffer;
+void CleanupDeviceD3D();
-    for (UINT i = 0; i < NUM_BACK_BUFFERS; i++)
+void CreateRenderTarget();
-    {
+void CleanupRenderTarget();
-        g_pSwapChain->GetBuffer(i, IID_PPV_ARGS(&pBackBuffer));
+void WaitForLastSubmittedFrame();
-        g_pd3dDevice->CreateRenderTargetView(pBackBuffer, NULL, g_mainRenderTargetDescriptor[i]);
+FrameContext*   WaitForNextFrameResources();
-        g_mainRenderTargetResource[i] = pBackBuffer;
+void ResizeSwapChain(HWND hWnd, int width, int height);
-    }
+LRESULT WINAPI WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
-}
-
-void WaitForLastSubmittedFrame()
-{
-    FrameContext* frameCtxt = &g_frameContext[g_frameIndex % NUM_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT];
-
-    UINT64 fenceValue = frameCtxt->FenceValue;
-    if (fenceValue == 0)
-        return; // No fence was signaled
-
-    frameCtxt->FenceValue = 0;
-    if (g_fence->GetCompletedValue() >= fenceValue)
-        return;
-
-    g_fence->SetEventOnCompletion(fenceValue, g_fenceEvent);
-    WaitForSingleObject(g_fenceEvent, INFINITE);
-}
-
-FrameContext* WaitForNextFrameResources()
-{
-    UINT nextFrameIndex = g_frameIndex + 1;
-    g_frameIndex = nextFrameIndex;
-
-    HANDLE waitableObjects[] = { g_hSwapChainWaitableObject, NULL };
-    DWORD numWaitableObjects = 1;
-
-    FrameContext* frameCtxt = &g_frameContext[nextFrameIndex % NUM_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT];
-    UINT64 fenceValue = frameCtxt->FenceValue;
-    if (fenceValue != 0) // means no fence was signaled
-    {
-        frameCtxt->FenceValue = 0;
-        g_fence->SetEventOnCompletion(fenceValue, g_fenceEvent);
-        waitableObjects[1] = g_fenceEvent;
-        numWaitableObjects = 2;
-    }
-
-    WaitForMultipleObjects(numWaitableObjects, waitableObjects, TRUE, INFINITE);
-
-    return frameCtxt;
-}
-
-void ResizeSwapChain(HWND hWnd, int width, int height)
-{
-    DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC1 sd;
-    g_pSwapChain->GetDesc1(&sd);
-    sd.Width = width;
-    sd.Height = height;
-
-    IDXGIFactory4* dxgiFactory = NULL;
-    g_pSwapChain->GetParent(IID_PPV_ARGS(&dxgiFactory));
-
-    g_pSwapChain->Release();
-    CloseHandle(g_hSwapChainWaitableObject);
-
-    IDXGISwapChain1* swapChain1 = NULL;
-    dxgiFactory->CreateSwapChainForHwnd(g_pd3dCommandQueue, hWnd, &sd, NULL, NULL, &swapChain1);
-    swapChain1->QueryInterface(IID_PPV_ARGS(&g_pSwapChain));
-    swapChain1->Release();
-    dxgiFactory->Release();
-
-    g_pSwapChain->SetMaximumFrameLatency(NUM_BACK_BUFFERS);
-
-    g_hSwapChainWaitableObject = g_pSwapChain->GetFrameLatencyWaitableObject();
-    assert(g_hSwapChainWaitableObject != NULL);
-}
-
-void CleanupRenderTarget()
-{
-    WaitForLastSubmittedFrame();
-
-    for (UINT i = 0; i < NUM_BACK_BUFFERS; i++)
-        if (g_mainRenderTargetResource[i]) { g_mainRenderTargetResource[i]->Release(); g_mainRenderTargetResource[i] = NULL; }
-}
-
-HRESULT CreateDeviceD3D(HWND hWnd)
-{
-    // Setup swap chain
-    DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC1 sd;
-    {
-        ZeroMemory(&sd, sizeof(sd));
-        sd.BufferCount = NUM_BACK_BUFFERS;
-        sd.Width = 0;
-        sd.Height = 0;
-        sd.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
-        sd.Flags = DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_FLAG_FRAME_LATENCY_WAITABLE_OBJECT;
-        sd.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;
-        sd.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
-        sd.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
-        sd.SwapEffect = DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_FLIP_DISCARD;
-        sd.AlphaMode = DXGI_ALPHA_MODE_UNSPECIFIED;
-        sd.Scaling = DXGI_SCALING_STRETCH;
-        sd.Stereo = FALSE;
-    }
-
-    if (DX12_ENABLE_DEBUG_LAYER)
-    {
-        ID3D12Debug* dx12Debug = NULL;
-        if (SUCCEEDED(D3D12GetDebugInterface(IID_PPV_ARGS(&dx12Debug))))
-        {
-            dx12Debug->EnableDebugLayer();
-            dx12Debug->Release();
-        }
-    }
-
-    D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevel = D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0;
-    if (D3D12CreateDevice(NULL, featureLevel, IID_PPV_ARGS(&g_pd3dDevice)) != S_OK)
-        return E_FAIL;
-
-    {
-        D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_DESC desc = {};
-        desc.Type           = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_RTV;
-        desc.NumDescriptors = NUM_BACK_BUFFERS;
-        desc.Flags          = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_FLAG_NONE;
-        desc.NodeMask       = 1;
-        if (g_pd3dDevice->CreateDescriptorHeap(&desc, IID_PPV_ARGS(&g_pd3dRtvDescHeap)) != S_OK)
-            return E_FAIL;
-
-        SIZE_T rtvDescriptorSize = g_pd3dDevice->GetDescriptorHandleIncrementSize(D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_RTV);
-        D3D12_CPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE rtvHandle = g_pd3dRtvDescHeap->GetCPUDescriptorHandleForHeapStart();
-        for (UINT i = 0; i < NUM_BACK_BUFFERS; i++)
-        {
-            g_mainRenderTargetDescriptor[i] = rtvHandle;
-            rtvHandle.ptr += rtvDescriptorSize;
-        }
-    }
-
-    {
-        D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_DESC desc = {};
-        desc.Type = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_CBV_SRV_UAV;
-        desc.NumDescriptors = 1;
-        desc.Flags = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_FLAG_SHADER_VISIBLE;
-        if (g_pd3dDevice->CreateDescriptorHeap(&desc, IID_PPV_ARGS(&g_pd3dSrvDescHeap)) != S_OK)
-            return E_FAIL;
-    }
-
-    {
-        D3D12_COMMAND_QUEUE_DESC desc = {};
-        desc.Type     = D3D12_COMMAND_LIST_TYPE_DIRECT;
-        desc.Flags    = D3D12_COMMAND_QUEUE_FLAG_NONE;
-        desc.NodeMask = 1;
-        if (g_pd3dDevice->CreateCommandQueue(&desc, IID_PPV_ARGS(&g_pd3dCommandQueue)) != S_OK)
-            return E_FAIL;
-    }
-
-    for (UINT i = 0; i < NUM_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++)
-        if (g_pd3dDevice->CreateCommandAllocator(D3D12_COMMAND_LIST_TYPE_DIRECT, IID_PPV_ARGS(&g_frameContext[i].CommandAllocator)) != S_OK)
-            return E_FAIL;
-
-    if (g_pd3dDevice->CreateCommandList(0, D3D12_COMMAND_LIST_TYPE_DIRECT, g_frameContext[0].CommandAllocator, NULL, IID_PPV_ARGS(&g_pd3dCommandList)) != S_OK ||
-        g_pd3dCommandList->Close() != S_OK)
-        return E_FAIL;
-
-    if (g_pd3dDevice->CreateFence(0, D3D12_FENCE_FLAG_NONE, IID_PPV_ARGS(&g_fence)) != S_OK)
-        return E_FAIL;
-
-    g_fenceEvent = CreateEvent(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);
-    if (g_fenceEvent == NULL)
-        return E_FAIL;
-
-    {
-        IDXGIFactory4* dxgiFactory = NULL;
-        IDXGISwapChain1* swapChain1 = NULL;
-        if (CreateDXGIFactory1(IID_PPV_ARGS(&dxgiFactory)) != S_OK ||
-            dxgiFactory->CreateSwapChainForHwnd(g_pd3dCommandQueue, hWnd, &sd, NULL, NULL, &swapChain1) != S_OK ||
-            swapChain1->QueryInterface(IID_PPV_ARGS(&g_pSwapChain)) != S_OK)
-            return E_FAIL;
-        swapChain1->Release();
-        dxgiFactory->Release();
-        g_pSwapChain->SetMaximumFrameLatency(NUM_BACK_BUFFERS);
-        g_hSwapChainWaitableObject = g_pSwapChain->GetFrameLatencyWaitableObject();
-    }
-
-    CreateRenderTarget();
-
-    return S_OK;
-}
-
-void CleanupDeviceD3D()
-{
-    CleanupRenderTarget();
-    if (g_pSwapChain) { g_pSwapChain->Release(); g_pSwapChain = NULL; }
-    if (g_hSwapChainWaitableObject != NULL) { CloseHandle(g_hSwapChainWaitableObject); }
-    for (UINT i = 0; i < NUM_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++)
-        if (g_frameContext[i].CommandAllocator) { g_frameContext[i].CommandAllocator->Release(); g_frameContext[i].CommandAllocator = NULL; }
-    if (g_pd3dCommandQueue) { g_pd3dCommandQueue->Release(); g_pd3dCommandQueue = NULL; }
-    if (g_pd3dCommandList) { g_pd3dCommandList->Release(); g_pd3dCommandList = NULL; }
-    if (g_pd3dRtvDescHeap) { g_pd3dRtvDescHeap->Release(); g_pd3dRtvDescHeap = NULL; }
-    if (g_pd3dSrvDescHeap) { g_pd3dSrvDescHeap->Release(); g_pd3dSrvDescHeap = NULL; }
-    if (g_fence) { g_fence->Release(); g_fence = NULL; }
-    if (g_fenceEvent) { CloseHandle(g_fenceEvent); g_fenceEvent = NULL; }
-    if (g_pd3dDevice) { g_pd3dDevice->Release(); g_pd3dDevice = NULL; }
-}
-
-extern LRESULT ImGui_ImplWin32_WndProcHandler(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
-LRESULT WINAPI WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
-{
-    if (ImGui_ImplWin32_WndProcHandler(hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam))
-        return true;
-
-    switch (msg)
-    {
-    case WM_SIZE:
-        if (g_pd3dDevice != NULL && wParam != SIZE_MINIMIZED)
-        {
-            ImGui_ImplDX12_InvalidateDeviceObjects();
-            CleanupRenderTarget();
-            ResizeSwapChain(hWnd, (UINT)LOWORD(lParam), (UINT)HIWORD(lParam));
-            CreateRenderTarget();
-            ImGui_ImplDX12_CreateDeviceObjects();
-        }
-        return 0;
-    case WM_SYSCOMMAND:
-        if ((wParam & 0xfff0) == SC_KEYMENU) // Disable ALT application menu
-            return 0;
-        break;
-    case WM_DESTROY:
-        PostQuitMessage(0);
-        return 0;
-    }
-    return DefWindowProc(hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
-}
 
+// Main code
 int main(int, char**)
 {
     // Create application window
     WNDCLASSEX wc = { sizeof(WNDCLASSEX), CS_CLASSDC, WndProc, 0L, 0L, GetModuleHandle(NULL), NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, _T("ImGui Example"), NULL };
-    RegisterClassEx(&wc);
+    ::RegisterClassEx(&wc);
-    HWND hwnd = CreateWindow(wc.lpszClassName, _T("Dear ImGui DirectX12 Example"), WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, 100, 100, 1280, 800, NULL, NULL, wc.hInstance, NULL);
+    HWND hwnd = ::CreateWindow(wc.lpszClassName, _T("Dear ImGui DirectX12 Example"), WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, 100, 100, 1280, 800, NULL, NULL, wc.hInstance, NULL);
 
     // Initialize Direct3D
-    if (CreateDeviceD3D(hwnd) < 0)
+    if (!CreateDeviceD3D(hwnd))
     {
         CleanupDeviceD3D();
-        UnregisterClass(wc.lpszClassName, wc.hInstance);
+        ::UnregisterClass(wc.lpszClassName, wc.hInstance);
         return 1;
     }
 
     // Show the window
-    ShowWindow(hwnd, SW_SHOWDEFAULT);
+    ::ShowWindow(hwnd, SW_SHOWDEFAULT);
-    UpdateWindow(hwnd);
+    ::UpdateWindow(hwnd);
 
     // Setup Dear ImGui context
     IMGUI_CHECKVERSION();
@@ -318,6 +98,7 @@ int main(int, char**)
     //ImFont* font = io.Fonts->AddFontFromFileTTF("c:\\Windows\\Fonts\\ArialUni.ttf", 18.0f, NULL, io.Fonts->GetGlyphRangesJapanese());
     //IM_ASSERT(font != NULL);
 
+    // Our state
     bool show_demo_window = true;
     bool show_another_window = false;
     ImVec4 clear_color = ImVec4(0.45f, 0.55f, 0.60f, 1.00f);
@@ -332,10 +113,10 @@ int main(int, char**)
         // - When io.WantCaptureMouse is true, do not dispatch mouse input data to your main application.
         // - When io.WantCaptureKeyboard is true, do not dispatch keyboard input data to your main application.
         // Generally you may always pass all inputs to dear imgui, and hide them from your application based on those two flags.
-        if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0U, 0U, PM_REMOVE))
+        if (::PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0U, 0U, PM_REMOVE))
         {
-            TranslateMessage(&msg);
+            ::TranslateMessage(&msg);
-            DispatchMessage(&msg);
+            ::DispatchMessage(&msg);
             continue;
         }
 
@@ -423,8 +204,241 @@ int main(int, char**)
     ImGui::DestroyContext();
 
     CleanupDeviceD3D();
-    DestroyWindow(hwnd);
+    ::DestroyWindow(hwnd);
-    UnregisterClass(wc.lpszClassName, wc.hInstance);
+    ::UnregisterClass(wc.lpszClassName, wc.hInstance);
 
     return 0;
 }
+
+// Helper functions
+
+bool CreateDeviceD3D(HWND hWnd)
+{
+    // Setup swap chain
+    DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC1 sd;
+    {
+        ZeroMemory(&sd, sizeof(sd));
+        sd.BufferCount = NUM_BACK_BUFFERS;
+        sd.Width = 0;
+        sd.Height = 0;
+        sd.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
+        sd.Flags = DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_FLAG_FRAME_LATENCY_WAITABLE_OBJECT;
+        sd.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;
+        sd.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
+        sd.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
+        sd.SwapEffect = DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_FLIP_DISCARD;
+        sd.AlphaMode = DXGI_ALPHA_MODE_UNSPECIFIED;
+        sd.Scaling = DXGI_SCALING_STRETCH;
+        sd.Stereo = FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (DX12_ENABLE_DEBUG_LAYER)
+    {
+        ID3D12Debug* dx12Debug = NULL;
+        if (SUCCEEDED(D3D12GetDebugInterface(IID_PPV_ARGS(&dx12Debug))))
+        {
+            dx12Debug->EnableDebugLayer();
+            dx12Debug->Release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevel = D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0;
+    if (D3D12CreateDevice(NULL, featureLevel, IID_PPV_ARGS(&g_pd3dDevice)) != S_OK)
+        return false;
+
+    {
+        D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_DESC desc = {};
+        desc.Type = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_RTV;
+        desc.NumDescriptors = NUM_BACK_BUFFERS;
+        desc.Flags = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_FLAG_NONE;
+        desc.NodeMask = 1;
+        if (g_pd3dDevice->CreateDescriptorHeap(&desc, IID_PPV_ARGS(&g_pd3dRtvDescHeap)) != S_OK)
+            return false;
+
+        SIZE_T rtvDescriptorSize = g_pd3dDevice->GetDescriptorHandleIncrementSize(D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_RTV);
+        D3D12_CPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE rtvHandle = g_pd3dRtvDescHeap->GetCPUDescriptorHandleForHeapStart();
+        for (UINT i = 0; i < NUM_BACK_BUFFERS; i++)
+        {
+            g_mainRenderTargetDescriptor[i] = rtvHandle;
+            rtvHandle.ptr += rtvDescriptorSize;
+        }
+    }
+
+    {
+        D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_DESC desc = {};
+        desc.Type = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_CBV_SRV_UAV;
+        desc.NumDescriptors = 1;
+        desc.Flags = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_FLAG_SHADER_VISIBLE;
+        if (g_pd3dDevice->CreateDescriptorHeap(&desc, IID_PPV_ARGS(&g_pd3dSrvDescHeap)) != S_OK)
+            return false;
+    }
+
+    {
+        D3D12_COMMAND_QUEUE_DESC desc = {};
+        desc.Type = D3D12_COMMAND_LIST_TYPE_DIRECT;
+        desc.Flags = D3D12_COMMAND_QUEUE_FLAG_NONE;
+        desc.NodeMask = 1;
+        if (g_pd3dDevice->CreateCommandQueue(&desc, IID_PPV_ARGS(&g_pd3dCommandQueue)) != S_OK)
+            return false;
+    }
+
+    for (UINT i = 0; i < NUM_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++)
+        if (g_pd3dDevice->CreateCommandAllocator(D3D12_COMMAND_LIST_TYPE_DIRECT, IID_PPV_ARGS(&g_frameContext[i].CommandAllocator)) != S_OK)
+            return false;
+
+    if (g_pd3dDevice->CreateCommandList(0, D3D12_COMMAND_LIST_TYPE_DIRECT, g_frameContext[0].CommandAllocator, NULL, IID_PPV_ARGS(&g_pd3dCommandList)) != S_OK ||
+        g_pd3dCommandList->Close() != S_OK)
+        return false;
+
+    if (g_pd3dDevice->CreateFence(0, D3D12_FENCE_FLAG_NONE, IID_PPV_ARGS(&g_fence)) != S_OK)
+        return false;
+
+    g_fenceEvent = CreateEvent(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);
+    if (g_fenceEvent == NULL)
+        return false;
+
+    {
+        IDXGIFactory4* dxgiFactory = NULL;
+        IDXGISwapChain1* swapChain1 = NULL;
+        if (CreateDXGIFactory1(IID_PPV_ARGS(&dxgiFactory)) != S_OK ||
+            dxgiFactory->CreateSwapChainForHwnd(g_pd3dCommandQueue, hWnd, &sd, NULL, NULL, &swapChain1) != S_OK ||
+            swapChain1->QueryInterface(IID_PPV_ARGS(&g_pSwapChain)) != S_OK)
+            return false;
+        swapChain1->Release();
+        dxgiFactory->Release();
+        g_pSwapChain->SetMaximumFrameLatency(NUM_BACK_BUFFERS);
+        g_hSwapChainWaitableObject = g_pSwapChain->GetFrameLatencyWaitableObject();
+    }
+
+    CreateRenderTarget();
+    return true;
+}
+
+void CleanupDeviceD3D()
+{
+    CleanupRenderTarget();
+    if (g_pSwapChain) { g_pSwapChain->Release(); g_pSwapChain = NULL; }
+    if (g_hSwapChainWaitableObject != NULL) { CloseHandle(g_hSwapChainWaitableObject); }
+    for (UINT i = 0; i < NUM_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++)
+        if (g_frameContext[i].CommandAllocator) { g_frameContext[i].CommandAllocator->Release(); g_frameContext[i].CommandAllocator = NULL; }
+    if (g_pd3dCommandQueue) { g_pd3dCommandQueue->Release(); g_pd3dCommandQueue = NULL; }
+    if (g_pd3dCommandList) { g_pd3dCommandList->Release(); g_pd3dCommandList = NULL; }
+    if (g_pd3dRtvDescHeap) { g_pd3dRtvDescHeap->Release(); g_pd3dRtvDescHeap = NULL; }
+    if (g_pd3dSrvDescHeap) { g_pd3dSrvDescHeap->Release(); g_pd3dSrvDescHeap = NULL; }
+    if (g_fence) { g_fence->Release(); g_fence = NULL; }
+    if (g_fenceEvent) { CloseHandle(g_fenceEvent); g_fenceEvent = NULL; }
+    if (g_pd3dDevice) { g_pd3dDevice->Release(); g_pd3dDevice = NULL; }
+}
+
+void CreateRenderTarget()
+{
+    ID3D12Resource* pBackBuffer;
+    for (UINT i = 0; i < NUM_BACK_BUFFERS; i++)
+    {
+        g_pSwapChain->GetBuffer(i, IID_PPV_ARGS(&pBackBuffer));
+        g_pd3dDevice->CreateRenderTargetView(pBackBuffer, NULL, g_mainRenderTargetDescriptor[i]);
+        g_mainRenderTargetResource[i] = pBackBuffer;
+    }
+}
+
+void CleanupRenderTarget()
+{
+    WaitForLastSubmittedFrame();
+
+    for (UINT i = 0; i < NUM_BACK_BUFFERS; i++)
+        if (g_mainRenderTargetResource[i]) { g_mainRenderTargetResource[i]->Release(); g_mainRenderTargetResource[i] = NULL; }
+}
+
+void WaitForLastSubmittedFrame()
+{
+    FrameContext* frameCtxt = &g_frameContext[g_frameIndex % NUM_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT];
+
+    UINT64 fenceValue = frameCtxt->FenceValue;
+    if (fenceValue == 0)
+        return; // No fence was signaled
+
+    frameCtxt->FenceValue = 0;
+    if (g_fence->GetCompletedValue() >= fenceValue)
+        return;
+
+    g_fence->SetEventOnCompletion(fenceValue, g_fenceEvent);
+    WaitForSingleObject(g_fenceEvent, INFINITE);
+}
+
+FrameContext* WaitForNextFrameResources()
+{
+    UINT nextFrameIndex = g_frameIndex + 1;
+    g_frameIndex = nextFrameIndex;
+
+    HANDLE waitableObjects[] = { g_hSwapChainWaitableObject, NULL };
+    DWORD numWaitableObjects = 1;
+
+    FrameContext* frameCtxt = &g_frameContext[nextFrameIndex % NUM_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT];
+    UINT64 fenceValue = frameCtxt->FenceValue;
+    if (fenceValue != 0) // means no fence was signaled
+    {
+        frameCtxt->FenceValue = 0;
+        g_fence->SetEventOnCompletion(fenceValue, g_fenceEvent);
+        waitableObjects[1] = g_fenceEvent;
+        numWaitableObjects = 2;
+    }
+
+    WaitForMultipleObjects(numWaitableObjects, waitableObjects, TRUE, INFINITE);
+
+    return frameCtxt;
+}
+
+void ResizeSwapChain(HWND hWnd, int width, int height)
+{
+    DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC1 sd;
+    g_pSwapChain->GetDesc1(&sd);
+    sd.Width = width;
+    sd.Height = height;
+
+    IDXGIFactory4* dxgiFactory = NULL;
+    g_pSwapChain->GetParent(IID_PPV_ARGS(&dxgiFactory));
+
+    g_pSwapChain->Release();
+    CloseHandle(g_hSwapChainWaitableObject);
+
+    IDXGISwapChain1* swapChain1 = NULL;
+    dxgiFactory->CreateSwapChainForHwnd(g_pd3dCommandQueue, hWnd, &sd, NULL, NULL, &swapChain1);
+    swapChain1->QueryInterface(IID_PPV_ARGS(&g_pSwapChain));
+    swapChain1->Release();
+    dxgiFactory->Release();
+
+    g_pSwapChain->SetMaximumFrameLatency(NUM_BACK_BUFFERS);
+
+    g_hSwapChainWaitableObject = g_pSwapChain->GetFrameLatencyWaitableObject();
+    assert(g_hSwapChainWaitableObject != NULL);
+}
+
+// Win32 message handler
+extern LRESULT ImGui_ImplWin32_WndProcHandler(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
+LRESULT WINAPI WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
+{
+    if (ImGui_ImplWin32_WndProcHandler(hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam))
+        return true;
+
+    switch (msg)
+    {
+    case WM_SIZE:
+        if (g_pd3dDevice != NULL && wParam != SIZE_MINIMIZED)
+        {
+            ImGui_ImplDX12_InvalidateDeviceObjects();
+            CleanupRenderTarget();
+            ResizeSwapChain(hWnd, (UINT)LOWORD(lParam), (UINT)HIWORD(lParam));
+            CreateRenderTarget();
+            ImGui_ImplDX12_CreateDeviceObjects();
+        }
+        return 0;
+    case WM_SYSCOMMAND:
+        if ((wParam & 0xfff0) == SC_KEYMENU) // Disable ALT application menu
+            return 0;
+        break;
+    case WM_DESTROY:
+        ::PostQuitMessage(0);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return ::DefWindowProc(hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
+}

examples/example_win32_directx9/main.cpp

@@ -14,86 +14,31 @@ static LPDIRECT3D9              g_pD3D = NULL;
 static LPDIRECT3DDEVICE9        g_pd3dDevice = NULL;
 static D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS    g_d3dpp = {};
 
-HRESULT CreateDeviceD3D(HWND hWnd)
+// Forward declarations of helper functions
-{
+bool CreateDeviceD3D(HWND hWnd);
-    if ((g_pD3D = Direct3DCreate9(D3D_SDK_VERSION)) == NULL)
+void CleanupDeviceD3D();
-        return E_FAIL;
+void ResetDevice();
-
+LRESULT WINAPI WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
-    // Create the D3DDevice
-    ZeroMemory(&g_d3dpp, sizeof(g_d3dpp));
-    g_d3dpp.Windowed = TRUE;
-    g_d3dpp.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD;
-    g_d3dpp.BackBufferFormat = D3DFMT_UNKNOWN;
-    g_d3dpp.EnableAutoDepthStencil = TRUE;
-    g_d3dpp.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_D16;
-    g_d3dpp.PresentationInterval = D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_ONE;           // Present with vsync
-    //g_d3dpp.PresentationInterval = D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_IMMEDIATE;   // Present without vsync, maximum unthrottled framerate
-    if (g_pD3D->CreateDevice(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, hWnd, D3DCREATE_HARDWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING, &g_d3dpp, &g_pd3dDevice) < 0)
-        return E_FAIL;
-
-    return S_OK;
-}
-
-void CleanupDeviceD3D()
-{
-    if (g_pd3dDevice) { g_pd3dDevice->Release(); g_pd3dDevice = NULL; }
-    if (g_pD3D) { g_pD3D->Release(); g_pD3D = NULL; }
-}
-
-void ResetDevice()
-{
-    ImGui_ImplDX9_InvalidateDeviceObjects();
-    HRESULT hr = g_pd3dDevice->Reset(&g_d3dpp);
-    if (hr == D3DERR_INVALIDCALL)
-        IM_ASSERT(0);
-    ImGui_ImplDX9_CreateDeviceObjects();
-}
-
-extern LRESULT ImGui_ImplWin32_WndProcHandler(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
-LRESULT WINAPI WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
-{
-    if (ImGui_ImplWin32_WndProcHandler(hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam))
-        return true;
-
-    switch (msg)
-    {
-    case WM_SIZE:
-        if (g_pd3dDevice != NULL && wParam != SIZE_MINIMIZED)
-        {
-            g_d3dpp.BackBufferWidth = LOWORD(lParam);
-            g_d3dpp.BackBufferHeight = HIWORD(lParam);
-            ResetDevice();
-        }
-        return 0;
-    case WM_SYSCOMMAND:
-        if ((wParam & 0xfff0) == SC_KEYMENU) // Disable ALT application menu
-            return 0;
-        break;
-    case WM_DESTROY:
-        PostQuitMessage(0);
-        return 0;
-    }
-    return DefWindowProc(hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
-}
 
+// Main code
 int main(int, char**)
 {
     // Create application window
     WNDCLASSEX wc = { sizeof(WNDCLASSEX), CS_CLASSDC, WndProc, 0L, 0L, GetModuleHandle(NULL), NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, _T("ImGui Example"), NULL };
-    RegisterClassEx(&wc);
+    ::RegisterClassEx(&wc);
-    HWND hwnd = CreateWindow(wc.lpszClassName, _T("Dear ImGui DirectX9 Example"), WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, 100, 100, 1280, 800, NULL, NULL, wc.hInstance, NULL);
+    HWND hwnd = ::CreateWindow(wc.lpszClassName, _T("Dear ImGui DirectX9 Example"), WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, 100, 100, 1280, 800, NULL, NULL, wc.hInstance, NULL);
 
     // Initialize Direct3D
-    if (CreateDeviceD3D(hwnd) < 0)
+    if (!CreateDeviceD3D(hwnd))
     {
         CleanupDeviceD3D();
-        UnregisterClass(wc.lpszClassName, wc.hInstance);
+        ::UnregisterClass(wc.lpszClassName, wc.hInstance);
         return 1;
     }
 
     // Show the window
-    ShowWindow(hwnd, SW_SHOWDEFAULT);
+    ::ShowWindow(hwnd, SW_SHOWDEFAULT);
-    UpdateWindow(hwnd);
+    ::UpdateWindow(hwnd);
 
     // Setup Dear ImGui context
     IMGUI_CHECKVERSION();
@@ -139,10 +84,10 @@ int main(int, char**)
         // - When io.WantCaptureMouse is true, do not dispatch mouse input data to your main application.
         // - When io.WantCaptureKeyboard is true, do not dispatch keyboard input data to your main application.
         // Generally you may always pass all inputs to dear imgui, and hide them from your application based on those two flags.
-        if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0U, 0U, PM_REMOVE))
+        if (::PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0U, 0U, PM_REMOVE))
         {
-            TranslateMessage(&msg);
+            ::TranslateMessage(&msg);
-            DispatchMessage(&msg);
+            ::DispatchMessage(&msg);
             continue;
         }
 
@@ -213,8 +158,73 @@ int main(int, char**)
     ImGui::DestroyContext();
 
     CleanupDeviceD3D();
-    DestroyWindow(hwnd);
+    ::DestroyWindow(hwnd);
-    UnregisterClass(wc.lpszClassName, wc.hInstance);
+    ::UnregisterClass(wc.lpszClassName, wc.hInstance);
 
     return 0;
 }
+
+// Helper functions
+
+bool CreateDeviceD3D(HWND hWnd)
+{
+    if ((g_pD3D = Direct3DCreate9(D3D_SDK_VERSION)) == NULL)
+        return false;
+
+    // Create the D3DDevice
+    ZeroMemory(&g_d3dpp, sizeof(g_d3dpp));
+    g_d3dpp.Windowed = TRUE;
+    g_d3dpp.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD;
+    g_d3dpp.BackBufferFormat = D3DFMT_UNKNOWN;
+    g_d3dpp.EnableAutoDepthStencil = TRUE;
+    g_d3dpp.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_D16;
+    g_d3dpp.PresentationInterval = D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_ONE;           // Present with vsync
+    //g_d3dpp.PresentationInterval = D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_IMMEDIATE;   // Present without vsync, maximum unthrottled framerate
+    if (g_pD3D->CreateDevice(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, hWnd, D3DCREATE_HARDWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING, &g_d3dpp, &g_pd3dDevice) < 0)
+        return false;
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+void CleanupDeviceD3D()
+{
+    if (g_pd3dDevice) { g_pd3dDevice->Release(); g_pd3dDevice = NULL; }
+    if (g_pD3D) { g_pD3D->Release(); g_pD3D = NULL; }
+}
+
+void ResetDevice()
+{
+    ImGui_ImplDX9_InvalidateDeviceObjects();
+    HRESULT hr = g_pd3dDevice->Reset(&g_d3dpp);
+    if (hr == D3DERR_INVALIDCALL)
+        IM_ASSERT(0);
+    ImGui_ImplDX9_CreateDeviceObjects();
+}
+
+// Win32 message handler
+extern LRESULT ImGui_ImplWin32_WndProcHandler(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
+LRESULT WINAPI WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
+{
+    if (ImGui_ImplWin32_WndProcHandler(hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam))
+        return true;
+
+    switch (msg)
+    {
+    case WM_SIZE:
+        if (g_pd3dDevice != NULL && wParam != SIZE_MINIMIZED)
+        {
+            g_d3dpp.BackBufferWidth = LOWORD(lParam);
+            g_d3dpp.BackBufferHeight = HIWORD(lParam);
+            ResetDevice();
+        }
+        return 0;
+    case WM_SYSCOMMAND:
+        if ((wParam & 0xfff0) == SC_KEYMENU) // Disable ALT application menu
+            return 0;
+        break;
+    case WM_DESTROY:
+        ::PostQuitMessage(0);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return ::DefWindowProc(hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
+}