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Chemodiversity: A short overview of this project
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<div class="slides">
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<!-- Title slide -->
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<section class="white-on-blue">
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<div class="title"> Chemodiversity </div>
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<div class="subtitle"> A short overview of this project </div>
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<div class="author"> Stefan Dresselhaus </div>
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<div class="affiliation"> Theoretic Biology Group<br> Bielefeld University </div>
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</section>
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<!-- Table of Contents -->
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<!-- all the slides from markdown document: DO NOT INDENT THE body LINE!!! -->
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<section class="slide level1">
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<section id="what-is-chemodiversity" class="level2">
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<h2>What is chemodiversity?</h2>
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment">It was observed, that many plants seem to produce many compounds with no obvious purpose</li>
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<li class="fragment">Using resources to produce such compounds (instead of i.e. growing) should yield a fitness-disadvantage</li>
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<li class="fragment">one expects evolution to eliminate such behavior</li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section id="question-why-is-this-behavior-observed" class="level2">
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<h2>Question: Why is this behavior observed?</h2>
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment">Are these compounds necessary for some unresearched reason?
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment">unknown environmental effects?</li>
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<li class="fragment">unknown intermediate products for necessary defenses?</li>
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<li class="fragment">speculative diversity because they could be useful after genetic mutations?</li>
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</ul></li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section id="screening-hypothesis" class="level2">
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<h2>Screening Hypothesis</h2>
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment">First suggested by Jones & Firn (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1991.0077">1991</a>)</li>
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<li class="fragment">new (random) compounds are rarely biologically active</li>
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<li class="fragment">plants have a higher chance finding an active compound if they diversify</li>
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<li class="fragment">many (inactive) compounds are sustained for a while because they may be precursors to biologically active substances</li>
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</ul>
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<div class="fragment">
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<p>There are indications for and against this hypothesis by <a href="https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nph.12526#nph12526-bib-0093">various groups</a>.</p>
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</div>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section id="setting-up-a-simulation" class="slide level1">
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<h1>Setting up a simulation</h1>
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<blockquote>
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<p>If you wish to make apple pie from scratch, you must first create the universe<br />
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- Carl Sagan</p>
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</blockquote>
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</section>
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<section class="slide level1">
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<section id="defining-chemistry" class="level2">
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<h2>Defining Chemistry</h2>
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment">First of all we define the chemistry of our environment, so we know all possible interactions and can manipulate them at will.</li>
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<li class="fragment">We differentiate between <strong><code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dt">Substrate</span></code></strong> and <strong><code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dt">Products</span></code></strong>:
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment"><strong><code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dt">Substrate</span></code></strong> can just be used (i.e. real substrates if the whole metabolism should be simulated, <strong><code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dt">PPM</span></code></strong><sup>[1]</sup> in our simplified case)</li>
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<li class="fragment"><strong><code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dt">Products</span></code></strong> are nodes in our chemistry environment.</li>
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</ul></li>
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<li class="fragment"><p>In Code:</p>
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<pre class="sourceCode haskell" id="cb1"><code class="sourceCode haskell"><div class="sourceLine" id="cb1-1" data-line-number="1"><span class="kw">data</span> <span class="dt">Compound</span> <span class="fu">=</span> <span class="dt">Substrate</span> <span class="dt">Nutrient</span></div>
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<div class="sourceLine" id="cb1-2" data-line-number="2"> <span class="fu">|</span> <span class="dt">Produced</span> <span class="dt">Component</span></div>
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<div class="sourceLine" id="cb1-3" data-line-number="3"> <span class="fu">|</span> <span class="dt">GenericCompound</span> <span class="dt">Int</span></div></code></pre>
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<div class="footer">
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<p><sup>[1]</sup>: plants primary metabolism</p>
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</div></li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section id="usage-in-the-current-model" class="level2">
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<h2>Usage in the current Model</h2>
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment">The Model used for evaluation just has one <code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dt">Substrate</span></code>:<br />
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<code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dt">PPM</span></code> with a fixed Amount to account for effects of sucking primary-metabolism-products out of the primary metabolic cycle</li>
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<li class="fragment">This is used to simulate i.e. worse growth, fertility and other things affecting the fitness of a plant.</li>
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<li class="fragment">We are not using named Compounds, but restrict to generic <code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dt">Compound</span> <span class="dv">1</span></code>, <code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dt">Compound</span> <span class="dv">2</span></code> …</li>
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<li class="fragment">Not done, but worth exploring:
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment">Take a “real-world” snapshot of Nutrients and Compounds and recreate them</li>
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<li class="fragment">See if the simulation follows the real world</li>
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</ul></li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section id="defining-a-metabolism" class="level2">
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<h2>Defining a Metabolism</h2>
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment">We define <strong><code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dt">Enzyme</span></code>s</strong> as
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment">having a recipe for a chemical reaction</li>
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<li class="fragment">are reversible</li>
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<li class="fragment">may have dependencies on catalysts to be present</li>
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<li class="fragment">may have higher dominance over other enzymes with the same reaction</li>
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</ul></li>
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<li class="fragment">Input can be <code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dt">Substrate</span></code> and/or <code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dt">Products</span></code></li>
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<li class="fragment">Outputs can only be <code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dt">Products</span></code></li>
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<li class="fragment"><span class="math inline">⇒</span> This makes them to Edges in a graph combining the chemical compounds</li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section id="usage-in-the-current-model-1" class="level2">
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<h2>Usage in the current Model</h2>
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment"><code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dt">Enzyme</span></code>s all
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment">only map <code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dv">1</span></code> input to <code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dv">1</span></code> Output with a production rate of <code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dv">1</span></code> per <code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dt">Enzyme</span></code><br />
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(i.e. <code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="fu">-</span><span class="dv">1</span> <span class="dt">Compound</span> <span class="dv">2</span> <span class="ot">-></span> <span class="fu">+</span><span class="dv">1</span> <span class="dt">Compound</span> <span class="dv">5</span></code>)</li>
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<li class="fragment">are equally dominant</li>
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<li class="fragment">need no catalysts</li>
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</ul></li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section id="defining-predators" class="level2">
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<h2>Defining Predators</h2>
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment"><strong><code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dt">Predator</span></code>s</strong> consist of
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment">a list of <code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dt">Compound</span></code>s that can kill them</li>
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<li class="fragment">a fitness impact (<span class="math inline">[0..1]</span>) as the probability of killing the plant</li>
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<li class="fragment">an expected number of attacks per generation</li>
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<li class="fragment">a probability (<span class="math inline">[0..1]</span>) of appearing in a single generation</li>
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</ul></li>
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<li class="fragment"><code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dt">Predator</span></code> need not necessary be biologically motivated
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment">i.e. rare, nearly devastating attacks (floods, droughts, …) with realistic probabilities</li>
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</ul></li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section id="example-environment" class="level2">
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<h2>Example Environment</h2>
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<div class="columns">
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<div class="column" style="width:37%;">
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment">The complete environment now consists of
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment"><code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dt">Compound</span></code>s:<br />
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<img data-src="img/compound_example.png" style="vertical-align:middle" /></li>
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<li class="fragment"><code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dt">Enzyme</span></code>s:<br />
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<img data-src="img/enzyme_example.png" style="vertical-align:middle" /></li>
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<li class="fragment"><code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dt">Predator</span></code>s:<br />
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<img data-src="img/predator_example.png" style="vertical-align:middle" /></li>
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</ul></li>
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</ul>
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</div><div class="column fragment" style="width:63%;">
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<figure>
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<img data-src="img/environment.tree.png" alt="Our default test-environment" style="width:75.0%" /><figcaption>Our default test-environment</figcaption>
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</figure>
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<p>Additional rules:</p>
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment">Every “subtree” from the marked <code class="sourceCode haskell"><span class="dt">PPM</span></code> is treated as a separate species (fungi, animals, …)<br />
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<span class="math inline">⇒</span> Every predator can only be affected by toxins in the same part of the tree</li>
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<li class="fragment">Trees can be automatically generated in a decent manner to search for environmens where specific effects may arise</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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</div>
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<aside class="notes">
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<p>CTRL+Click for zoom!</p>
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<ul>
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<li>All starts at PPM (Plant Primary Metabolism)</li>
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<li>Red = Toxic</li>
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<li>Blue = Predators</li>
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</ul>
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</aside>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section class="slide level1">
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<section id="plants" class="level2">
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<h2>Plants</h2>
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<p>A plant consists of …</p>
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</section>
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<section id="metabolism-simulation" class="level2">
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<h2>Metabolism simulation</h2>
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<p>Compounds are created foo..</p>
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</section>
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<section id="fitness" class="level2">
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<h2>Fitness</h2>
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment">Static costs of enzymes</li>
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<li class="fragment">Cost of active enzymes</li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section id="attacker" class="level2">
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<h2>Attacker</h2>
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment">Rate of attack ~> Paper, Formulas</li>
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<li class="fragment">Defenses
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment">single plant</li>
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<li class="fragment">automimicry</li>
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</ul></li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section id="haploid-mating" class="level2">
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<h2>Haploid mating</h2>
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment">fixed population-size (100)</li>
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<li class="fragment"><span class="math inline">$p(\textrm{reproduction}) = \frac{\textrm{plant-fitness}}{\textrm{total fitness in population}}$</span></li>
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<li class="fragment">Gene
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment">mutation</li>
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<li class="fragment">duplication</li>
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<li class="fragment">deletion</li>
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<li class="fragment">addition</li>
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<li class="fragment">activation-noise</li>
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</ul></li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section class="slide level1">
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<section id="simulations" class="level2">
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<h2>Simulations</h2>
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<p>Parameters tested</p>
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment">x</li>
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<li class="fragment">y</li>
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<li class="fragment">z</li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section id="results" class="slide level1">
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<h1>Results</h1>
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<blockquote>
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<p>It doesn’t matter how beautiful your theory is, it doesn’t matter how smart you are. If it doesn’t agree with experiment, it’s wrong.<br />
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- Richard P. Feynman</p>
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</blockquote>
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</section>
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<section class="slide level1">
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</section>
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