Bash-Oneliner/README.md

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# Bash-Oneliner
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Hi bash learners and bioinformaticans, welcome to Bash Oneliner. I started studying bioinformatics data three years ago (recently started working on cloud computing), and was amazed by those single-word bash commands which are much faster than my dull scripts, so i started bash. Not all the code here is oneliner (if the ';' counts..), but i put effort on making them brief and fast.
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This blog will focus on simple bash commands for parsing biological data, most of which are for tsv files (tab-separated values); some of them are for Ubuntu system maintaining. I have been recording the bash commands on my notebook, but putting them on web will help others and myself to query. I apologize that there won't be any citation for the codes, but they are probably from dear Google and Stackoverflow.
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English and bash are not my first language, so... correct me anytime, thank you
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In case you would like to check and vote up my questions on Stackoverflow, here's my page:
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http://stackoverflow.com/users/4290753/once
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Here's a more stylish version~
http://onceupon.github.io/Bash-Oneliner/
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## Handy Bash oneliner commands for tsv file editing
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- [Grep](#grep)
- [Sed](#sed)
- [Awk](#awk)
- [Xargs](#xargs)
- [Find](#find)
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- [Loops](#loops)
- [Download](#download)
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- [Random](#random)
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- [Xwindow](#xwindow)
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- [Others](#others)
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- [System](#system)
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## Grep
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##### Extract text bewteen words (e.g. w1,w2)
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```bash
grep -o -P '(?<=w1).*(?=w2)'
```
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##### Grep lines without word (e.g. bbo)
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```bash
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grep -v bbo filename
```
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##### Grep only one/first match (e.g. bbo)
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```bash
grep -m 1 bbo filename
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```
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##### Grep and count (e.g. bbo)
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```bash
grep -c bbo filename
```
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##### Insensitive grep (e.g. bbo/BBO/Bbo)
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```bash
grep -i "bbo" filename
```
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##### Count occurrence (e.g. three times a line count three times)
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```bash
grep -o bbo filename
```
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##### COLOR the match (e.g. bbo)!
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```bash
grep --color bbo filename
```
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##### Grep search all files in a directory(e.g. bbo)
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```bash
grep -R bbo /path/to/directory
```
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or
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```bash
grep -r bbo /path/to/directory
```
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##### Search all files in directory, only output file names with matches(e.g. bbo)
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```bash
grep -Rh bbo /path/to/directory
```
or
```bash
grep -rh bbo /path/to/directory
```
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##### Grep OR (e.g. A or B or C or D)
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```
grep 'A\|B\|C\|D'
```
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##### Grep AND (e.g. A and B)
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```bash
grep 'A.*B'
```
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##### Grep all content of a fileA from fileB
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```bash
grep -f fileA fileB
```
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##### Grep a tab
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```bash
grep $'\t'
```
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##### Grep variable from variable
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```bash
$echo "$long_str"|grep -q "$short_str"
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then echo 'found'; fi
```
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//grep -q will output 0 if match found
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//remember to add space between []!
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##### Grep strings between a bracket()
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```bash
grep -oP '\(\K[^\)]+'
```
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##### Grep number of characters with known strings in between(e.g. AAEL000001-RA)
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```bash
grep -o -w "\w\{10\}\-R\w\{1\}"
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```
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// \w word character [0-9a-zA-Z_] \W not word character
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##### A lot examples here
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http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/grep-regular-expressions/
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## Sed
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[[back to top](#handy-bash-oneliner-commands-for-tsv-file-editing)]
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##### Remove lines with word (e.g. bbo)
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```bash
sed "/bbo/d" filename
```
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##### Edit infile (edit and save)
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```bash
sed -i "/bbo/d" filename
```
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##### When using variable (e.g. $i), use double quotes " "
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e.g. add >$i to the first line (to make a FASTA file)
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```bash
sed "1i >$i"
```
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//notice the double quotes! in other examples, you can use a single quote, but here, no way!
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//'1i' means insert to first line
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##### Delete empty lines
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```bash
sed '/^\s*$/d'
```
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or
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```bash
sed 's/^$/d'
```
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##### Delete last line
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```bash
sed '$d'
```
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##### Delete last character from end of file
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```bash
sed -i '$ s/.$//' filename
```
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##### Add string to end of file (e.g. "]")
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```bash
sed '$s/$/]/' filename
```
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##### Add newline to the end
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```bash
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sed '$a\'
```
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##### Add string to beginning of every line (e.g. bbo)
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```bash
sed -e 's/^/bbo/' file
```
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##### Add string to end of each line (e.g. "}")
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```bash
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sed -e 's/$/\}\]/' filename
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```
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##### Add \n every nth character (e.g. every 4th character)
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```bash
sed 's/.\{4\}/&\n/g'
```
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##### Concatenate/combine/join files with a seperator and next line (e.g seperate by ",")
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```bash
sed -s '$a,' *.json > all.json
```
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##### Substitution (e.g. replace A by B)
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```bash
sed 's/A/B/g' filename
```
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##### Select lines start with string (e.g. bbo)
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```bash
sed -n '/^@S/p'
```
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##### Delete lines with string (e.g. bbo)
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```bash
sed '/bbo/d' filename
```
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##### Print every nth lines
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```bash
sed -n '0~3p' filename
```
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//catch 0: start; 3: step
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##### Print every odd # lines
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```bash
sed -n '1~2p'
```
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##### Print every third line including the first line
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```bash
sed -n '1p;0~3p'
```
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##### Remove leading whitespace and tabs
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```bash
sed -e 's/^[ \t]*//'
```
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//notice a whitespace before '\t'!!
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##### Remove only leading whitespace
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```bash
sed 's/ *//'
```
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//notice a whitespace before '*'!!
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##### Remove ending commas
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```bash
sed 's/,$//g'
```
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##### Add a column to the end
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```bash
sed "s/$/\t$i/"
```
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//$i is the valuable you want to add
e.g. add the filename to every last column of the file
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```bash
for i in $(ls);do sed -i "s/$/\t$i/" $i;done
```
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##### Add extension of filename to last column
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```bash
for i in T000086_1.02.n T000086_1.02.p;do sed "s/$/\t${i/*./}/" $i;done >T000086_1.02.np
```
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##### Remove newline\ nextline
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```bash
sed ':a;N;$!ba;s/\n//g'
```
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##### Print a number of lines (e.g. line 10th to line 33 rd)
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```bash
sed -n '10,33p' <filename
```
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##### Change delimiter
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```bash
sed 's=/=\\/=g'
```
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##### Replace with wildcard (e.g A-1-e or A-2-e or A-3-e....)
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```bash
sed 's/A-.*-e//g' filename
```
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##### Remove last character of file
```bash``
sed '$ s/.$//'
```
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##### Insert character at specified position of file (e.g. AAAAAA --> AAA#AAA)
```bash``
sed -r -e 's/^.{3}/&#/' file
```
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## Awk
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[[back to top](#handy-bash-oneliner-commands-for-tsv-file-editing)]
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##### Set tab as field separator
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```bash
awk -F $'\t'
```
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##### Output as tab separated (also as field separator)
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```bash
awk -v OFS='\t'
```
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##### Pass variable
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```bash
a=bbo;b=obb;
awk -v a="$a" -v b="$b" "$1==a && $10=b' filename
```
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##### Print line number and number of characters on each line
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```bash
awk '{print NR,length($0);}' filename
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```
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##### Find number of columns
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```bash
awk '{print NF}'
```
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##### Reverse column order
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```bash
awk '{print $2, $1}'
```
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##### Check if there is a comma in a column (e.g. column $1)
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```bash
awk '$1~/,/ {print}'
```
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##### Split and do for loop
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```bash
awk '{split($2, a,",");for (i in a) print $1"\t"a[i]} filename
```
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##### Print all lines before nth occurence of a string (e.g stop print lines when bbo appears 7 times)
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```bash
awk -v N=7 '{print}/bbo/&& --N<=0 {exit}'
```
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##### Print filename and last line of all files in directory
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```bash
ls|xargs -n1 -I file awk '{s=$0};END{print FILENAME,s}' file'
```
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##### Add string to the beginning of a column (e.g add "chr" to column $3)
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```bash
awk 'BEGIN{OFS="\t"}$3="chr"$3'
```
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##### Remove lines with string (e.g. bbo)
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```bash
awk '!/bbo/' file
```
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##### Column subtraction
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```bash
cat file| awk -F '\t' 'BEGIN {SUM=0}{SUM+=$3-$2}END{print SUM}'
```
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##### Usage and meaning of NR and FNR
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e.g.
fileA:
a
b
c
fileB:
d
e
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```bash
awk 'print FILENAME, NR,FNR,$0}' fileA fileB
```
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fileA 1 1 a
fileA 2 2 b
fileA 3 3 c
fileB 4 1 d
fileB 5 2 e
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##### AND gate
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e.g.
fileA:
1 0
2 1
3 1
4 0
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fileB:
1 0
2 1
3 0
4 1
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```bash
awk -v OFS='\t' 'NR=FNR{a[$1]=$2;next} NF {print $1,((a[$1]=$2)? $2:"0")}' fileA fileB
```
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1 0
2 1
3 0
4 0
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##### Round all numbers of file (e.g. 2 significant figure)
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```bash
awk '{while (match($0, /[0-9]+\[0-9]+/)){
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\printf "%s%.2f", substr($0,0,RSTART-1),substr($0,RSTART,RLENGTH)
\$0=substr($0, RSTART+RLENGTH)
\}
\print
\}'
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```
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##### Give number/index to every row
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```bash
awk '{printf("%s\t%s\n",NR,$0)}'
```
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##### Break combine column data into rows
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e.g.
seperate
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David cat,dog
into
David cat
David dog
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detail here: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/33408762/bash-turning-single-comma-separated-column-into-multi-line-string
```bash
awk '{split($2,a,",");for(i in a)print $1"\t"a[i]}' file
```
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##### Sum up a file (each line in file contains only one number)
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```bash
awk '{s+=$1} END {print s}' filename
```
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##### Average a file (each line in file contains only one number)
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```bash
awk '{s+=$1}END{print s/NR}'
```
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##### Print field start with string (e.g Linux)
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```bash
awk '$1 ~ /^Linux/'
```
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##### Sort a row (e.g. 1 40 35 12 23 --> 1 12 23 35 40)
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```bash
awk ' {split( $0, a, "\t" ); asort( a ); for( i = 1; i <= length(a); i++ ) printf( "%s\t", a[i] ); printf( "\n" ); }'
```
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##### Subtract previous row values (add column6 which equal to column4 minus last column5)
```bash
awk '{$6 = $4 - prev5; prev5 = $5; print;}'
```
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2017-03-29 08:52:59 +00:00
## Xargs
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[[back to top](#handy-bash-oneliner-commands-for-tsv-file-editing)]
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2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Set tab as delimiter (default:space)
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```bash
xargs -d\t
```
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##### Display 3 items per line
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```bash
echo 1 2 3 4 5 6| xargs -n 3
```
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//1 2 3
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4 5 6
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##### Prompt before execution
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
echo a b c |xargs -p -n 3
```
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##### Print command along with output
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
xargs -t abcd
```
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///bin/echo abcd
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//abcd
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##### With find and rm
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
find . -name "*.html"|xargs rm -rf
```
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##### Delete fiels with whitespace in filename (e.g. "hello 2001")
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
find . -name "*.c" -print0|xargs -0 rm -rf
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Show limits
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
xargs --show-limits
```
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##### Move files to folder
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
find . -name "*.bak" -print 0|xargs -0 -I {} mv {} ~/old
```
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or
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
find . -name "*.bak" -print 0|xargs -0 -I file mv file ~/old
```
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##### Move first 100th files to a directory (e.g. d1)
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
ls |head -100|xargs -I {} mv {} d1
```
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2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Parallel
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
time echo {1..5} |xargs -n 1 -P 5 sleep
```
a lot faster than
```bash
time echo {1..5} |xargs -n1 sleep
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Copy all files from A to B
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
find /dir/to/A -type f -name "*.py" -print 0| xargs -0 -r -I file cp -v -p file --target-directory=/path/to/B
```
2017-03-29 09:54:35 +00:00
//v: verbose|
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//p: keep detail (e.g. owner)
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##### With sed
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
ls |xargs -n1 -I file sed -i '/^Pos/d' filename
```
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##### Add the file name to the first line of file
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
ls |sed 's/.txt//g'|xargs -n1 -I file sed -i -e '1 i\>file\' file.txt
```
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##### Count all files
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```bash
ls |xargs -n1 wc -l
```
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##### Turn output into a single line
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```bash
ls -l| xargs
```
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2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Count files within directories
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
echo mso{1..8}|xargs -n1 bash -c 'echo -n "$1:"; ls -la "$1"| grep -w 74 |wc -l' --
```
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// "--" signals the end of options and display further option processing
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##### Download dependencies files and install (e.g. requirements.txt)
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
cat requirements.txt| xargs -n1 sudo pip install
```
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##### Count lines in all file, also count total lines
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```bash
ls|xargs wc -l
```
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##### Xargs and grep
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```bash
cat grep_list |xargs -I{} grep {} filename
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
2017-03-29 08:52:59 +00:00
## Find
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
[[back to top](#handy-bash-oneliner-commands-for-tsv-file-editing)]
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##### List all sub directory/file in the current directory
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
find .
```
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##### List all files under the current directory
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
find . -type f
```
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##### List all directories under the current directory
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```bash
find . -type d
```
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##### Edit all files under current directory (e.g. replace 'www' with 'ww')
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```bash
find . name '*.php' -exec sed -i 's/www/w/g' {} \;
```
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if no subdirectory
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```bash
replace "www" "w" -- *
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
//a space before *
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##### Find and output only filename (e.g. "mso")
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
find mso*/ -name M* -printf "%f\n"
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Find and delete file with size less than (e.g. 74 byte)
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
find . -name "*.mso" -size -74c -delete
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
//M for MB, etc
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## Loops
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
[[back to top](#handy-bash-oneliner-commands-for-tsv-file-editing)]
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##### While loop, column subtraction of a file (e.g. a 3 columns file)
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```bash
while read a b c; do echo $(($c-$b));done < <(head filename)
```
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
//there is a space between the two '<'s
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##### While loop, sum up column subtraction
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```bash
i=0; while read a b c; do ((i+=$c-$b)); echo $i; done < <(head filename)
```
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##### If loop
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
if (($j==$u+2))
```
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//(( )) use for arithmetic operation
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```bash
if [[$age >21]]
```
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//[[ ]] use for comparison
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##### Test if file exist
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```bash
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if [ -e 'filename' ]
2017-01-05 07:44:41 +00:00
then
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echo -e "file exists!"
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fi
```
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### For loop
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
for i in $(ls); do echo file $i;done
```
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
2017-03-29 08:52:59 +00:00
## Download
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
[[back to top](#handy-bash-oneliner-commands-for-tsv-file-editing)]
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##### Download all from a page
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
wget -r -l1 -H -t1 -nd -N -np -A mp3 -e robots=off http://example.com
```
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//-r: recursive and download all links on page
//-l1: only one level link
//-H: span host, visit other hosts
//-t1: numbers of retries
//-nd: don't make new directories, download to here
//-N: turn on timestamp
//-nd: no parent
//-A: type (seperate by ,)
//-e robots=off: ignore the robots.txt file which stop wget from crashing the site, sorry example.com
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Upload a file to web and download (https://transfer.sh/)
--> upload:
```bash
curl --upload-file ./filename.txt https://transfer.sh/filename.txt
```
(the above command will return a URL, e.g: https://transfer.sh/tG8rM/filename.txt)
--> download:
```bash
curl https://transfer.sh/tG8rM/filename.txt -o filename.txt
```
##### Download file if necessary
```bash
data=file.txt
url=http://www.example.com/$data
if [! -s $data];then
echo "downloading test data..."
wget $url
fi
```
##### Wget to a filename (when a long name)
```bash
wget -O filename "http://example.com"
```
##### Wget files to a folder
```bash
wget -P /path/to/directory "http://example.com"
```
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
2016-06-27 05:54:48 +00:00
2017-03-29 08:52:59 +00:00
## Random
2016-06-27 05:54:48 +00:00
[[back to top](#handy-bash-oneliner-commands-for-tsv-file-editing)]
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##### Random pick 100 lines from a file
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
shuf -n 100 filename
```
2016-06-27 05:54:48 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Random order (lucky draw)
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
for i in a b c d e; do echo $i; done| shuf
```
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##### Echo series of random numbers between a range (e.g. shuffle numbers from 0-100, then pick 15 of them randomly)
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```bash
shuf -i 0-100 -n 15
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```
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##### Echo a random number
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```bash
echo $RANDOM
```
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##### Random from 0-9
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
echo $((RANDOM % 10))
```
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2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Random from 1-10
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
echo $(((RANDOM %10)+1))
```
2016-06-27 05:54:48 +00:00
2017-06-09 04:26:34 +00:00
## Xwindow
X11 GUI applications! Here are some GUI tools for you if you get bored by the text-only environment.
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Enable X11 forwarding,in order to use graphical application on servers
2017-06-09 04:26:34 +00:00
```bash
ssh -X user_name@ip_address
```
or setting through xhost
--> Install the following for Centos:
xorg-x11-xauth
xorg-x11-fonts-*
xorg-x11-utils
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##### Little xwindow tools
2017-06-09 04:26:34 +00:00
```bash
xclock
xeyes
```
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##### Open pictures/images from ssh server
2017-06-09 04:26:34 +00:00
```bash
1. ssh -X user_name@ip_address
2. apt-get install eog
3. eog picture.png
```
##### Use gedit on server (GUI editor)
```bash
1. ssh -X user_name@ip_address
2. apt-get install gedit
3. gedit filename.txt
```
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##### Open PDF file from ssh server
2017-06-09 04:26:34 +00:00
```bash
1. ssh -X user_name@ip_address
2. apt-get install evince
3. evince filename.pdf
```
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##### Use google-chrome browser from ssh server
2017-06-09 04:26:34 +00:00
```bash
1. ssh -X user_name@ip_address
2. apt-get install libxss1 libappindicator1 libindicator7
3. wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb
4. sudo apt-get install -f
5. dpkg -i google-chrome*.deb
6. google-chrome
```
[[back to top](#handy-bash-oneliner-commands-for-tsv-file-editing)]
2016-06-27 05:54:48 +00:00
2017-03-29 08:52:59 +00:00
## Others
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
[[back to top](#handy-bash-oneliner-commands-for-tsv-file-editing)]
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##### Remove newline / nextline
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
tr --delete '\n' <input.txt >output.txt
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Replace newline
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
tr '\n' ' ' <filename
```
2017-04-14 09:19:59 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### To uppercase/lowercase
2017-04-14 09:19:59 +00:00
```bash
tr /a-z/ /A-Z/
```
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##### Compare files (e.g. fileA, fileB)
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
diff fileA fileB
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
//a: added; d:delete; c:changed
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
or
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```bash
sdiff fileA fileB
```
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//side-to-side merge of file differences
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##### Number a file (e.g. fileA)
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
nl fileA
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
or
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```bash
nl -nrz fileA
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
//add leading zeros
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2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Combine/ paste two files (e.g. fileA, fileB)
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
paste fileA fileB
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
//default tab seperated
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2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Reverse string
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
echo 12345| rev
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
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##### Read .gz file without extracting
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
zmore filename
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
or
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
zless filename
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Run in background, output error file
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```bash
2016-09-08 09:31:55 +00:00
some_commands &>log &
```
or
```bash
some_commands 2>log &
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```
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
or
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
2016-09-08 09:31:55 +00:00
some_commands 2>&1| tee logfile
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```
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2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
or
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
2016-09-08 09:31:55 +00:00
some_commands 2>&1 >>outfile
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
//0: standard input; 1: standard output; 2: standard error
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2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Send mail
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
echo 'heres the content'| mail -A 'file.txt' -s 'mail.subject' me@gmail.com
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
//use -a flag to set send from (-a "From: some@mail.tld")
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##### .xls to csv
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
xls2csv filename
```
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Append to file (e.g. hihi)
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
echo 'hihi' >>filename
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Make BEEP sound
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
speaker-test -t sine -f 1000 -l1
```
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Set beep duration
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
(speaker-test -t sine -f 1000) & pid=$!;sleep 0.1s;kill -9 $pid
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### History edit/ delete
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
~/.bash_history
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
or
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```bash
history -d [line_number]
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Get last history/record filename
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
head !$
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Clean screen
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
clear
```
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
or
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
Ctrl+l
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Send data to last edited file
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
cat /directory/to/file
echo 100>!$
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Run history number (e.g. 53)
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```bash
!53
```
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##### Run last command
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```bash
!!
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
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##### Run last command that began with (e.g. cat filename)
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
!cat
```
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
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or
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```bash
!c
```
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//run cat filename again
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2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Extract .xf
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
2017-03-29 09:54:35 +00:00
1.unxz filename.tar.xz
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
2.tar -xf filename.tar
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2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Install python package
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
pip install packagename
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Delete current bash command
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
Ctrl+U
```
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
or
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
Ctrl+C
```
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
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or
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```bash
Alt+Shift+#
```
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//to make it to history
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##### Add something to history (e.g. "addmetohistory")
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
#addmetodistory
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
//just add a "#" before~~
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##### Sleep awhile or wait for a moment or schedule a job
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
sleep 5;echo hi
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
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##### Count the time for executing a command
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
time echo hi
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
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##### Backup with rsync
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
rsync -av filename filename.bak
rsync -av directory directory.bak
rsync -av --ignore_existing directory/ directory.bak
rsync -av --update directory directory.bak
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rsync -av directory user@ip_address:/path/to/directory.bak
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```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
//skip files that are newer on receiver (i prefer this one!)
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2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Make all directories at one time!
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```bash
mkdir -p project/{lib/ext,bin,src,doc/{html,info,pdf},demo/stat}
```
2017-03-29 09:54:35 +00:00
//-p: make parent directory
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//this will create project/doc/html/; project/doc/info; project/lib/ext ,etc
2016-06-14 08:03:32 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Run command only if another command returns zero exit status (well done)
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
cd tmp/ && tar xvf ~/a.tar
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Run command only if another command returns non-zero exit status (not finish)
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
cd tmp/a/b/c ||mkdir -p tmp/a/b/c
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Extract to a path
2016-06-14 07:55:08 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
tar xvf -C /path/to/directory filename.gz
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Use backslash "\" to break long command
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
cd tmp/a/b/c \
> || \
>mkdir -p tmp/a/b/c
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Get pwd
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```bash
VAR=$PWD; cd ~; tar xvf -C $VAR file.tar
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
//PWD need to be capital letter
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##### List file type of file (e.g. /tmp/)
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
file /tmp/
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
//tmp/: directory
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##### Bash script
2016-06-14 08:03:32 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
#!/bin/bash
file=${1#*.}
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
//remove string before a "."
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2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
file=${1%.*}
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
//remove string after a "."
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##### Search from history
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
Ctrl+r
```
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Python simple HTTP Server
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
python -m SimpleHTTPServer
```
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Variables
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
{i/a/,}
```
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
e.g. replace all
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
{i//a/,}
```
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
//for variable i, replace all 'a' with a comma
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Read user input
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
read input
echo $input
```
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Generate sequence 1-10
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
seq 10
```
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Sum up input list (e.g. seq 10)
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
seq 10|paste -sd+|bc
```
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Find average of input list/file
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
i=`wc -l filename|cut -d ' ' -f1`; cat filename| echo "scale=2;(`paste -sd+`)/"$i|bc
```
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Generate all combination (e.g. 1,2)
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
echo {1,2}{1,2}
```
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
//1 1, 1 2, 2 1, 2 2
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##### Generate all combination (e.g. A,T,C,G)
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
set = {A,T,C,G}
group= 5
for ((i=0; i<$group; i++));do
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repetition=$set$repetition;done
bash -c "echo "$repetition""
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Read file content to variable
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
foo=$(<test1)
```
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Echo size of variable
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
echo ${#foo}
```
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Echo tab
2016-08-25 11:57:18 +00:00
```bash
echo -e ' \t '
```
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Array
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
declare -A array=()
```
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Send a directory
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
scp -r directoryname user@ip:/path/to/send
```
2016-06-16 06:44:57 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Split file into lines (e.g. 1000 lines/smallfile)
2016-09-02 03:56:37 +00:00
```bash
$ split -d -l 1000 bigfilename
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Rename all files (e.g. remove ABC from all .gz files)
2016-09-23 03:15:49 +00:00
```bash
rename 's/ABC//' *.gz
```
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Remove extention (e.g remove .gz from filename.gz)
2016-10-06 08:39:20 +00:00
```bash
basename filename.gz .gz
zcat filename.gz> $(basename filename.gz .gz).unpacked
```
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Use the squeeze repeat option (e.g. /t/t --> /t)
2016-11-07 07:21:55 +00:00
```bash
tr -s "/t" < filename
```
2016-10-06 08:39:20 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Do not print nextline with echo
2017-01-05 07:41:58 +00:00
```bash
echo -e 'text here \c'
```
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Use the last argument
2017-01-05 07:41:58 +00:00
```bash
!$
```
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Check last exit code
2017-01-05 07:41:58 +00:00
```bash
echo $?
```
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### View first 50 characters of file
```bash
head -c 50 file
```
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Group/combine rows into one row
2017-01-23 06:27:30 +00:00
2017-03-29 09:54:35 +00:00
e.g.
AAAA
BBBB
CCCC
DDDD
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```bash
cat filename|paste - -
2017-01-23 06:28:46 +00:00
-->
2017-01-23 06:26:35 +00:00
AAAABBBB
2017-01-23 06:27:30 +00:00
CCCCDDDD
2017-01-23 06:26:35 +00:00
cat filename|paste - - - -
2017-01-23 06:28:46 +00:00
-->
2017-01-23 06:26:35 +00:00
AAAABBBBCCCCDDDD
```
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Fastq to fasta
2017-01-23 06:26:35 +00:00
```bash
cat file.fastq | paste - - - - | sed 's/^@/>/g'| cut -f1-2 | tr '\t' '\n' >file.fa
```
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Cut and get last column
2017-02-16 12:25:13 +00:00
```bash
cat file|rev | cut -d/ -f1 | rev
```
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Add one to variable/increment a numeric variable (e.g. $var)
```bash
((var++))
```
2017-01-23 06:26:35 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Some handy environment variables
2017-03-29 09:49:41 +00:00
$0 :name of shell or shell script.
$1, $2, $3, ... :positional parameters.
$# :number of positional parameters.
$? :most recent foreground pipeline exit status.
$- :current options set for the shell.
$$ :pid of the current shell (not subshell).
$! :is the PID of the most recent background command.
2017-03-29 09:48:14 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Clear the contents of a file (e.g. filename)
```bash
>filename
```
2017-06-28 12:28:41 +00:00
##### Unzip tar.bz2 file (e.g. file.tar.bz2)
2017-06-16 09:01:53 +00:00
```bash
tar xvfj file.tar.bz2
2017-06-16 09:01:53 +00:00
```
2017-06-28 12:28:41 +00:00
##### Output a y/n repeatedly until killed
'y':
```bash
yes
```
2017-06-28 12:28:41 +00:00
or 'n':
```bash
2017-06-28 12:28:41 +00:00
yes n
```
2017-08-16 06:28:50 +00:00
or 'anything':
```bash
yes anything
```
2017-08-16 06:20:57 +00:00
For example:
```bash
yes | rm -r large_directory
```
##### Create dummy file of certain size instantly (e.g. 200mb)
2017-08-23 09:20:31 +00:00
```bash
dd if=/dev/zero of=//dev/shm/200m bs=1024k count=200
```
2017-08-23 09:21:56 +00:00
2017-08-23 09:23:15 +00:00
Standard output:
200+0 records in
200+0 records out
209715200 bytes (210 MB) copied, 0.0955679 s, 2.2 GB/s
2017-03-29 08:52:59 +00:00
## System
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
[[back to top](#handy-bash-oneliner-commands-for-tsv-file-editing)]
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##### Snapshot of the current processes
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
ps
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Check graphics card
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
lspci
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Show IP address
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
$ip add show
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
or
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
ifconfig
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Check system version
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
cat /etc/*-release
```
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
2017-03-29 08:52:59 +00:00
##### Linux Programmer's Manuel: hier- description of the filesystem hierarchy
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
man hier
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### List job
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
jobs -l
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Export PATH
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
export PATH=$PATH:~/path/you/want
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Make file execuable
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
chmod +x filename
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
//you can now ./filename to execute it
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### List screen
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
screen -d -r
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Echo screen name
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
screen -ls
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Check system (x86-64)
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
uname -i
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Surf the net
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
links www.google.com
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Add user, set passwd
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
useradd username
passwd username
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Edit variable for bash, (e.g. displaying the whole path)
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
1. joe ~/.bash_profile
2. export PS1='\u@\h:\w\$'
```
//$PS1 is a variable that defines the makeup and style of the command prompt
```bash
3. source ~/.bash_profile
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Edit environment setting (e.g. alias)
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
1. joe ~/.bash_profile
2. alias pd="pwd" //no more need to type that 'w'!
3. source ~/.bash_profile
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### List environment variables (e.g. PATH)
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
$echo $PATH
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
//list of directories separated by a colon
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### List all environment variables for current user
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
$env
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Show partition format
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
lsblk
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Soft link program to bin
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
ln -s /path/to/program /home/usr/bin
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
//must be the whole path to the program
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Show hexadecimal view of data
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
hexdump -C filename.class
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Jump to different node
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
rsh node_name
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Check port (active internet connection)
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
netstat -tulpn
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Find whick link to a file
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
readlink filename
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Check where a command link to (e.g. python)
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
which python
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### List total size of a directory
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
du -hs .
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
or
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
du -sb
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Copy directory with permission setting
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
cp -rp /path/to/directory
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Store current directory
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
pushd . $popd ;dirs -l
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Show disk usage
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
df -h
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
or
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
du -h
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
or
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
du -sk /var/log/* |sort -rn |head -10
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Show current runlevel
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
runlevel
```
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Switch runlevel
2016-06-16 06:52:03 +00:00
2016-07-01 10:52:19 +00:00
```bash
init 3
```
or
```bash
telinit 3
```
2017-06-09 08:53:36 +00:00
##### Permanently modify runlevel
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```bash
1. edit /etc/init/rc-sysinit.conf
2. env DEFAULT_RUNLEVEL=2
```
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##### Become root
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```bash
su
```
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##### Become somebody
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```bash
su somebody
```
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##### Report user quotes on device
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```bash
requota -auvs
```
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##### Get entries in a number of important databases
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```bash
getent database_name
```
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(e.g. the 'passwd' database)
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```bash
getent passwd
```
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//list all user account (all local and LDAP)
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(e.g. fetch list of grop accounts)
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```bash
getent group
```
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//store in database 'group'
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##### Change owner of file
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```bash
chown user_name filename
chown -R user_name /path/to/directory/
```
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//chown user:group filename
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##### List current mount detail
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```bash
df
```
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##### List current usernames and user-numbers
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```bash
cat /etc/passwd
```
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##### Get all username
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```bash
getent passwd| awk '{FS="[:]"; print $1}'
```
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##### Show all users
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```bash
compgen -u
```
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##### Show all groups
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```bash
compgen -g
```
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##### Show group of user
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```bash
group username
```
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##### Show uid, gid, group of user
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```bash
id username
```
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##### Check if it's root
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```bash
if [$(id -u) -ne 0];then
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echo "You are not root!"
exit;
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fi
```
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//'id -u' output 0 if it's not root
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##### Find out CPU information
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```bash
more /proc/cpuinfo
```
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or
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```bash
lscpu
```
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##### Set quota for user (e.g. disk soft limit: 120586240; hard limit: 125829120)
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```bash
setquota username 120586240 125829120 0 0 /home
```
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##### Show quota for user
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```bash
quota -v username
```
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##### Fork bomb
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```bash
:(){:|:&};:
```
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//dont try this at home
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##### Check user login
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```bash
lastlog
```
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##### Edit path for all users
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```bash
joe /etc/environment
```
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//edit this file
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##### Show running processes
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```bash
ps aux
```
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##### Find maximum number of processes
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```bash
cat /proc/sys/kernal/pid_max
```
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##### Show and set user limit
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```bash
ulimit -u
```
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##### Which ports are listening for TCP connections from the network
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```bash
nmap -sT -O localhost
```
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##### Print out number of cores/ processors
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```bash
nproc --all
```
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##### Check status of each core
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1. top
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2. press '1'
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##### Show jobs and PID
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```bash
jobs -l
```
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##### List all running services
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```bash
service --status-all
```
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##### Schedule shutdown server
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```bash
shutdown -r +5 "Server will restart in 5 minutes. Please save your work."
```
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##### Cancel scheduled shutdown
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```bash
shutdown -c
```
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##### Boardcast to all users
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```bash
wall -n hihi
```
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##### Kill all process of a user
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```bash
pkill -U user_name
```
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##### Set gedit preference on server
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-->you might have to install the following:
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apt-get install libglib2.0-bin;
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yum install dconf dconf-editor;
yum install dbus dbus-x11;
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-->Check list
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```bash
gsettings list-recursively
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```
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-->Change setting
e.g.
```bash
gsettings set org.gnome.gedit.preferences.editor highlight-current-line true
gsettings set org.gnome.gedit.preferences.editor scheme 'cobalt'
gsettings set org.gnome.gedit.preferences.editor use-default-font false
gsettings set org.gnome.gedit.preferences.editor editor-font 'Cantarell Regular 12'
```
##### Find out who has logged in on your system
--> [Quick] Printing out only the names:
```bash
users
```
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--> [Detail] Printing out login time, load average, etc
```bash
w
```
##### Add user to a group (e.g add user 'nice' to the group 'docker', so that he can run docker without sudo)
```bash
sudo gpasswd -a nice docker
```
##### pip install python package without root
```bash
1. pip install --user package_name
2. You might need to export ~/.local/bin/ to PATH: export PATH=$PATH:~/.local/bin/
```
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##### Removing old linux kernels (when /boot almost full...)
```bash
1. uname -a #check current kernel, which should NOT be removed
2. sudo apt-get purge linux-image-X.X.X-X-generic #replace old version
```
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##### Change hostname
```bash
sudo hostname your-new-name
```
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if not working, do also:
```bash
hostnamectl set-hostname your-new-hostname
```
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then run:
hostnamectl
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check /etc/hostname
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if still not working..., edit:
/etc/sysconfig/network
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ensxxx
add HOSTNAME="your-new-hostname"
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##### List installed packages
```bash
apt list --installed
```
or Red Hat:
```bash
yum list installed
```
##### Tutorial for setting up your own DNS server
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http://onceuponmine.blogspot.tw/2017/08/set-up-your-own-dns-server.html
##### Tutorial for creating a simple daemon
http://onceuponmine.blogspot.tw/2017/07/create-your-first-simple-daemon.html
2017-09-01 02:46:34 +00:00
2017-08-23 09:17:47 +00:00
2016-06-14 06:57:38 +00:00
=-=-=-=-=-A lot more coming!! =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=waitwait-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-